INTRODUCTION:

The seasonal changes in water quality may have both positive and harmful impacts on the biotic populations. The water quality monitoring is essential for environmental safety and its estimation is important to conserve and defend the natural ecosystem. The analysis of various water quality parameters help in understanding the metabolic measures of the aquatic system. It also provides a picture to the flora and fauna presence and distribution with time¹.

Water quality features offer the base for analysis suitability of water for different uses and improve the present conditions. The major cause of contamination is recognized as sewage contains 84 to 92% of the waste water, while 8 to 16% in the case of industrial pollution. The domestic sewage produces various water borne diseases and thereby affecting the human health and deterioration of water quality. However, all of the seasonal water bodies near about dried up in the summer, thus irrigation water deliver becomes a significant matter². The variation of water in different season will impact on fish migration, breeding, spawning and feeding patterns and therefore the populations of fish are shifting away from the tropical latitudes and size of fish also changes i.e. big fish will have a lower massive body due to condensed the oxygen ability^3,4.

The photosynthesis processes will increase with the temperature, although the different species will have varying temperatures for best photosynthetic activity. Water temperature has a direct effect on the growth of aquatic plants. In summer season the temperature of water in ponds, lakes will be more than the room temperature and this will have certain effects on the growth of aquatic plants. However water with high temperature can kill the weeds and bacteria which are present around the plants^5,6. In monsoon and winter seasons the temperature of water will be cool which also affects the aquatic plant physiology. All chemical reactions in the aquatic organism apply as an intermediate⁷. Water can act as a buffer further more heating due to water’s increasing specific heat. The acidity or alkalinity in the pond water affecting both plant and animal physiology showed seasonal differences as cited in past researches⁸.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The water quality monitoring is the key tools to recognize and remain verify on the pollution standard and make about the effectiveness of management strategy⁹. The physico-chemical parameters are measured with respect to the seasons by subsequent typical methods. Many physiological factors depend on the temperature, pH, productivity, solubility of gases like Carbon dioxide; Dissolved oxygen etc. will be adversely affected¹⁰.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS:

Water resource pollutions are play a major role in different area at Bihar in which polluted water is main problem to person fitness and environment. The seasonal variations of the physicochemical parameters were applied in water samples taken from the Taj Baj pond in Hajipur (Vaishali) district of Bihar. The samples were taken in the winter, monsoon and summer seasons and results showed seasonal variations in physicochemical composition of the water.

Seasonal variations in Temperature of pond water:

Temperatures play a major role in physical, chemical and biological properties of water and have direct influences on the aquatic biota. The effect of changes in temperature would adversely affect on the water quality parameter is shown in the Figure 1.

Figure 1: Temperature limit in Taj Baj pond in Hajipur

The temperature of pond water is between 25°C-36°C and lower temperature 25°C at the pond due to presence of more vegetation which can decreases the water temperature.

Seasonal variations in pH of pond water:

The pH plays a very important role to maintain all the aquatic life including plants and animal in the water. The pH is a measurement of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the solution. The pH maintains the acidic or basic property and is a very important feature of all aquatic ecosystems by analysis all the biochemical actions and physico-chemical properties. The pH of pond water is maintained between 7.43 and 7.94. The mean value of pH is obtained 7.52. The mean pH was found to be 7.33 ± 0.47 at the pond which represents that the pond water is low alkaline in nature. The seasonal variation in pH levels of water in the ponds is shown in the Figure 3.

Figure 3: pH limit in Taj Baj pond in Hajipur

The cold water temperatures slow down the metabolisms rate of all living organisms, reducing oxygen in winter at the pond.

Seasonal variations in alkalinity of pond water:

The total alkalinity provides information about natural salts present in the water and high alkalinity in pond water indicated more in phytoplankton mainly due to the blue green algal populations. It is major cause for production of an aquatic ecosystem. Total alkalinity present in pond water is due to the presence of mineral salts of carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The seasonal variation of alkalinity in pond water is shown in the Figure 4.

Figure 4: Alkalinity limit in Taj Baj pond in Hajipur

Seasonal variations in total solids, suspended solids and dissolved solids of pond water:

After the analysis of experimental results confirmed that the maximum amount of total solids presents is 646 mg/litre in the pond water in July and lower concentration of total solids i.e. 498 mg/litre is found in the month of February. The difference in total solids concentration is 148 mg/litre. The sum of dissolved solids and suspended solids is equivalent to total solids. In dissolved solids analysis observed that the higher concentration of dissolved solids is 356 mg/litre found in the March month and lower percentages of dissolved solids is 237 mg/lit found in the month of January. The difference of dissolved solids concentration is 119 mg/litre. In the suspended solid test observed that the higher concentration is 326 mg/lit and lower concentration is 241 mg/litre. The seasonal variation of total solids, suspended solids and dissolved solids in the pond water is shown in the Figure 4.

Figure 4: TDS, TSS and Total solid limit in Taj Baj pond in Hajipur

Some suspended solids can settle out into sediment at the bottom of a body of water over the period of time. Heavier particles, such as gravel and sand, often settle out when they enter an area of no water flow. The total dissolved solids contain both cations and anions in the pond water. Therefore, the total dissolved solids analysis represents that the total dissolved ions but does not report the type or ion interaction.

Seasonal variations in DO, BOD and COD of pond water:

In monsoon season, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was highest due to the photosynthetic and aerobic activity of organisms and improves in the concentration of organic pollution. After the analysis of pond water observed that the minimum DO is found 2.8 mg/lit and maximum DO is found 5.4 mg/lit. The DO level was decreased in the summer season.

The BOD was measured as the variation between initial and five-day DO content, after 5 day long incubation of the water sample. Surface BOD concentration at the pond water is vary from 4.2-4.9mg/lit. The BOD concentration decreased with the depth of pond. The mean value of BOD in the pond is 4.6mg/L in the wet and dry seasons. The seasonal variations of DO, BOD and COD of Taj Baj pond is shown in the Figure 5.

Figure 5: DO, BOD and COD limit in Taj Baj pond in Hajipur

The COD test can be used to measure the amount of oxidizable pollutants found in the surface water. The COD level of water may vary from 2.8-5.3mg/litre.

Seasonal variations in ammonia, nitrates and nitrites of pond water:

Ammoniacal nitrogen is used to measure the strength of pond water in natural bodies such as rivers or lakes, or in artificial water reservoirs. The seasonal variation of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates present in the pond water is shown in the Figure 6.

Figure 5: Nitrate, Nitrite and Ammonia limit in Taj Baj pond in Hajipur

In the present scenario the concentration of ammonia is observed in the pond water may vary from 4.2-6.3mg/litre. The difference in ammonia concentration is found 1.5mg/litre. Seasonal changes in the abundance of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria at surface and bottom of freshwater ponds were analysis with respect to the temperature.

The highest concentration of ammonia is found in the month of winter and lower concentration is found in the month of summer. The nitrates concentration in the pond water is found highest in the month of March i.e. 6.9mg/lit and in March it’s completely removed from the pond. In the nitrites test the minimum concentration is found 4.1 mg/lit and maximum concentration is found 5.2mg/lit, so that the difference in nitrites concentration in water is 1mg/lit.

DISCUSSIONS:

This analysis is important for present conditions can be useful in the same ecological conditions at the future review to accessibility of safe biotic growth in the tropical aquatic ecosystems. The tropical region rainfall patterns same to the seasonal changes that impact lakes and ponds further^12,13,14,15.

The increasing temperature measured in this analysis might have possibly recognized to the low dissolved oxygen in the water at dry season. The pond water has changed the surface water temperature of the lower site. While the cooler pond water at a depth of 4-5m was produced into the lower site, it was decreases around 4°C to 5°C of surface water temperature at the bottom of ponds. The lower temperature of pond water is found 18°C and higher temperature of pond water is found 36°C and total temperature difference is found 18°C.

Temperature is very important parameters in the ecosystems, because it controls the growth and movement of flora and fauna of an aquatic environment. It also participate a major role in the physico-chemical and metabolic position of aquatic ecosystem. Water level variation contributes to the temperature of shoreline and reservoir^16,17.

In present research work, the seasonal variation in total alkalinity is lower in summer season and higher in the winter season at Taj Baj pond. The pH range of pond water showed alkaline throughout the study period. Higher alkalinity in summer season attributed to improve the rate of decomposition, throughout which CO₂ is, produced which react with water to produce bicarbonate increasing the total alkalinity in the summer season^18,19. Alkalinity is highly found in the monsoon season and lower in winter season and total alkalinity is a measurement of the buffering capacity of pond water^18,19. The values obtained for alkalinity was within the standard range and these make the pond water suitable for all aquatic life. The alkalinity and free dissolved CO₂ increases with temperature but dissolved oxygen decreases with increase in pond water temperature. It is represents that the reservoir is loaded in nutrients. The alkaline nature of pond water might be suitable to the sewage produced by near villages and irrigation fields.

Turbidity is condition resulted from the suspended particulate matter present in water including slits, clays and sewage waste. These particles soak up light and increases temperature in the water surface which resulted in low dissolved oxygen levels. In addition to that, it prevents the light entering into the bottom surface of water body which affects the benthic organisms and major production also decreases. Total solid is a measurement of inorganic material, organic material and extra dissolved materials present in the pond water. The total solid present in pond water is very important for the safety of fisheries and aquatic life.

The increase in total dissolved solids raises the apparent color of water, water temperature and decreases the rate of photosynthesis. The suspended solids are those that can be present on a water filter and able for settling out the water column onto the river bottom while the stream velocities are low. These include silt, clay, plankton, organic wastes and inorganic precipitates such as those from acid mine drainage. Dissolved solids are those that can pass through the water filter. They provide various organic materials, as well as salts, inorganic nutrients and toxins. The various dissolved inorganic elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are nutrients crucial for life.

The amount of total solids, suspended solids and dissolved solids present in the pond water is also depending upon the amount of domestic waste water are discharged into the pond. The buffer areas should be safest in order to manage soil and irrigation nutrients come into the pond. A total dissolved solid is measured for analysis the quantity of solid materials (inorganic and organic) mixed in water. Any modification in the equilibrium of ionic concentrations by natural or manmade activities reasons for hazardous things. The lower amount of total solids can shows in limited growth of aquatic organisms due to the nutrient deficiencies. The concentration of dissolved solids in pond resulted in eutrophication or improved turbidity. The increases in water related diseases show an actual measurement of the level of contamination in the water. This study represents water quality parameters from an environmental point not only for humans but also for additional conditions. These water quality parameters are measured in conditions of sources, impacts, effects and measuring methods^{20, 21}.

The available DO is sufficient for algae growth, plants, fish and other organism. Temperature changes can influence the performance of aquatic organisms and also restrain plant respiration and photosynthesis. The algal photosynthesis will increase with temperature, although various species will different performances in the photosynthetic activities. The geographical locations of ponds have a major effect in the ecological perspective.

The dissolved oxygen was an important factor which represents that the water quality and organic pollution in water bodies. Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. When the dissolved oxygen drops below 4mg/l, fishes die and badly affect the reproduction and spawning. The falling DO by the depth is usually observed in reservoirs as photosynthesis increasing oxygen level in the surface water whereas respiration of microorganisms decomposing of non-living organic material consumes all dissolved oxygen in the base water column coupled with inadequate replace with oxygenated surface water. The major analysis was permitted to learning out the relations between various factors²².

The more downstream BOD concentration in the monsoon season represents that the high BOD concentration is mainly recognized to additional household discharge and drainage in accumulation to the basin ponds. The consequences of more BOD comprise aquatic organisms becoming strained, sickening and finally loss their life. The BOD concentration in the monsoon period was considerably more than the dry period. The more turbidity rate increased with the depth was mainly due to the settling and re-suspension of settled solids. This result shows that the requirement of organization and maintenance of the pond to stop additional decreases in the pond’s water quality where various water quality parameters should be targeted throughout the different periods^23,24.

The maximum level of COD is found in the month of winter season and minimum level of COD is found in the month of summer season. Since the relationship between COD and oxygen consumption in the water pond and its represents to be useful elements of the community for oxygen demand. However, if COD of water is used in predicting oxygen consumption and support must be made for oxygen utilization by fish and benthic communities. The variation in COD level of different species at the aquatic plants was very low.

Nitrogen is present in the atmosphere on various chemical form including organic nitrogen, ammonium, nitrite and nitrates. Nitrogen is a constituent of proteins present in the biological compounds like plants and animals; initially the complex organic matter is decomposed by the bacterial and converted ammonia acids into ammonia. If oxygen is present the ammonia is oxidized to nitrite (NO₂) and then to nitrate (NO₃).

The percentage of ammonia increases with increasing alkalinity of dissolved ammonium in pond water. Ammonium ions are produced with increasing acidity of water and contacting dissolved ammonia present in the aquatic water. Ammonia is poisonous to fish and humans. The poisonous nature is decreased with lower alkalinity and rises with more alkalinity as ammonium is transformed into the ammonia. The free ammonia is shows in the initial stage decomposition of organic matter 0.15mg/lit, nitrites represent not completely oxidized organic matter and nitrates represents completely oxidized organic matter in the pond water. Nitrite is very dangerous therefore the permissible limit of nitrites present in the potable water is zero.

In biological procedure the nitrite and ammonia are transformed into molecular nitrogen (N₂) gas. This condition makes up a major percentage of nitrogen supply in the pond water. The human behaviors have also effects the total nitrogen cycle via the formation of nitrogenous gases, associated with the universal atmospheric nitrogen pollution. The result confirm that the summer season nitrates are not present in the pond water it means that the organic materials are completely decomposed in the pond water.

CONCLUSIONS:

The various organisms, mainly fish are susceptible to temperature fluctuate in the river or pond water. The analysis of pond water in various conditions to measures the physicochemical properties to settle on its water quality index. There are some parameters are taken for the analysis of water quality. Each parameter is taken major parts in the water quality index (WQI) analysis. This analysis was considered to measure the excellence of pond water in Taj Baj pond, Hajipur (Vaishali) of Bihar. After the analysis of all data in water quality parameters are vary according to the seasonal changes. A wide range of inorganic poisonous materials could be obtained in the stream water is very lower amounts. If in trace amount, they are risk to public health fitness. The industrialization produced water is decreased as the toxic substances that can detrimental growth and reproduction. The environmental conditions that can produce more ammonia concentrations may also improve in nitrite concentration. Both ammonia and nitrite can be poisonous to culture organisms that show the results in lower effort to diseases. The effects of changes in temperature would adversely affect on the water quality. Many physiological factors depend on the temperature, pH, productivity, solubility of gases like carbon dioxide; dissolved oxygen etc. will be adversely affected.

The photosynthesis and aerobic activities of organisms are increase in the concentration of increasing organic pollution. The pH and temperature fluctuates in the water column influence the primary outcome of environment. Drainage of agricultural fertilizers and animal wastes or release of poorly or raw waste water might be product for increasing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphates that can causes decline in the primary productivity. This study revealed the need for finding out some of the conservatory measures for analyzing the biodiversity values in the pond.

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Received on 27.02.2023 Modified on 21.03.2023

Research J. Science and Tech. 2023; 15(2):88-94.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2023.00015